Lander

A “lander” is a type of spacecraft designed to land on the surface of celestial bodies, such as planets, moons, or asteroids. Unlike orbiters, which remain in space and collect data from above, landers are equipped to touch down and conduct scientific experiments or explorations directly on the surface. They may be equipped with instruments for analyzing soil, atmosphere, or geology, and often carry cameras for imaging. Landers are crucial for missions that aim to study the conditions of other worlds, search for signs of life, or return samples to Earth. Notable examples include the Mars landers like Viking, Spirit, Opportunity, and the recent Perseverance rover.